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Russia - Wikipedia. Coordinates: 6. 0. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod and Kazan. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.

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S. In 9. 88 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire. By the 1. 8th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east.

The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 2. By the end of 1. 99. Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. It is permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, as well as a member of the G2. Council of Europe, the Asia- Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Organization for Security and Co- operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. Etymology. The name Russia is derived from Rus, a medieval state populated mostly by the East Slavs. However, this proper name became more prominent in the later history, and the country typically was called by its inhabitants .

In order to distinguish this state from other states derived from it, it is denoted as Kievan Rus' by modern historiography. The name Rus itself comes from the early medieval Rus' people, Swedish merchants and warriors.

The current name of the country, . There are two Russian words which are commonly translated into English as . Translations into other languages often do not distinguish these two groups. History. Early history.

Nomadic pastoralism developed in the Pontic- Caspian steppe beginning in the Chalcolithic. Beginning in the 8th century BC, Ancient Greek traders brought their civilization to the trade emporiums in Tanais and Phanagoria. Ancient Greek explores, most notably Pytheas, even went as far as modern day Kaliningrad, on the Baltic Sea.

Romans settled on the western part of the Caspian Sea, where their empire stretched towards the east. Between the 3rd and 6th centuries AD, the Bosporan Kingdom, a Hellenistic polity which succeeded the Greek colonies. From the 7th century onwards, the East Slavs constituted the bulk of the population in Western Russia. Primarily they were Vikings of Scandinavian origin, who ventured along the waterways extending from the eastern Baltic to the Blackand Caspian Seas.

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In 8. 82 his successor Oleg ventured south and conquered Kiev. The Devotion Of Suspect X watch online in english in 4K 16:9 there. Oleg, Rurik's son Igor and Igor's son Sviatoslav subsequently subdued all local East Slavic tribes to Kievan rule, destroyed the Khazar khaganate and launched several military expeditions to Byzantium and Persia. In the 1. 0th to 1. Kievan Rus' became one of the largest and most prosperous states in Europe. Kiev's dominance waned, to the benefit of Vladimir- Suzdal in the north- east, Novgorod Republic in the north- west and Galicia- Volhynia in the south- west. Together We Walk: A Story Of Rescue And Survival movie online in english in 2160p.

Ultimately Kievan Rus' disintegrated, with the final blow being the Mongol invasion of 1. Led by Prince Alexander Nevsky, Novgorodians repelled the invading Swedes in the Battle of the Neva in 1. Germanic crusaders in the Battle of the Ice in 1. Northern Rus'. Grand Duchy of Moscow. The most powerful state to eventually arise after the destruction of Kievan Rus' was the Grand Duchy of Moscow (. While still under the domain of the Mongol- Tatars and with their connivance, Moscow began to assert its influence in the Central Rus' in the early 1.

Rus' lands' reunification and expansion of Russia. Agriculture suffered from the beginning of the Little Ice Age. As in the rest of Europe, plague was a frequent occurrence between 1. Moscow gradually absorbed the surrounding principalities, including formerly strong rivals such as Tver and Novgorod. Ivan III (. He was also the first to take the title .

Ivan III married Sophia Palaiologina, the niece of the last Byzantine emperor. Constantine XI, and made the Byzantine double- headed eagle his own, and eventually Russia's, coat- of- arms. Tsardom of Russia. In development of the Third Rome ideas, the Grand Duke Ivan IV (the .

The Tsarpromulgated a new code of laws (Sudebnik of 1. Russian feudal representative body (Zemsky Sobor) and introduced local self- management into the rural regions. Thus, by the end of the 1. Russia was transformed into a multiethnic, multidenominational and transcontinental state. However, the Tsardom was weakened by the long and unsuccessful Livonian War against the coalition of Poland, Lithuania, and Sweden for access to the Baltic coast and sea trade. The slave raids of Crimeans, however, did not cease until the late 1. Southern Russia, such as the Great Abatis Line, constantly narrowed the area accessible to incursions.

In 1. 61. 2, the Poles were forced to retreat by the Russian volunteer corps, led by two national heroes, merchant Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. The Romanov Dynasty acceded to the throne in 1. Zemsky Sobor, and the country started its gradual recovery from the crisis. Russia continued its territorial growth through the 1. Cossacks. Cossacks were warriors organized into military communities, resembling pirates and pioneers of the New World. In 1. 64. 8, the peasants of Ukraine joined the Zaporozhian Cossacks in rebellion against Poland- Lithuania during the Khmelnytsky Uprising in reaction to the social and religious oppression they had been suffering under Polish rule.

In 1. 65. 4, the Ukrainian leader, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, offered to place Ukraine under the protection of the Russian Tsar, Aleksey I. Aleksey's acceptance of this offer led to another Russo- Polish War. Finally, Ukraine was split along the Dnieper River, leaving the western part, right- bank Ukraine, under Polish rule and the eastern part (Left- bank Ukraine and Kiev) under Russian rule. Later, in 1. 67. 0–7. Don Cossacks led by Stenka Razin initiated a major uprising in the Volga Region, but the Tsar's troops were successful in defeating the rebels. In the east, the rapid Russian exploration and colonisation of the huge territories of Siberia was led mostly by Cossacks hunting for valuable furs and ivory.

Russian explorers pushed eastward primarily along the Siberian River Routes, and by the mid- 1. Russian settlements in Eastern Siberia, on the Chukchi Peninsula, along the Amur River, and on the Pacific coast. In 1. 64. 8, the Bering Strait between Asia and North America was passed for the first time by Fedot Popov and Semyon Dezhnyov. Imperial Russia. Under Peter the Great, Russia was proclaimed an Empire in 1. Ruling from 1. 68. Peter defeated Sweden in the Great Northern War, forcing it to cede West Karelia and Ingria (two regions lost by Russia in the Time of Troubles).

Peter the Great's reforms brought considerable Western European cultural influences to Russia. The reign of Peter I's daughter Elizabeth in 1. Russia's participation in the Seven Years' War (1. During this conflict Russia annexed East Prussia for a while and even took Berlin. However, upon Elisabeth's death, all these conquests were returned to the Kingdom of Prussia by pro- Prussian Peter III of Russia. Catherine II (. She extended Russian political control over the Polish- Lithuanian Commonwealth and incorporated most of its territories into Russia during the Partitions of Poland, pushing the Russian frontier westward into Central Europe.

In the south, after successful Russo- Turkish Wars against Ottoman Turkey, Catherine advanced Russia's boundary to the Black Sea, defeating the Crimean Khanate. As a result of victories over Qajar Iran through the Russo- Persian Wars, by the first half of the 1. Russia also made significant territorial gains in Transcaucasia and the North Caucasus, forcing the former to irrevocably cede what is nowadays Georgia, Dagestan, Azerbaijan and Armenia to Russia.

At the same time, Russians colonized Alaska and even founded settlements in California, such as Fort Ross. In 1. 80. 3–1. 80. Russian circumnavigation was made, later followed by other notable Russian sea exploration voyages.

In 1. 82. 0, a Russian expedition discovered the continent of Antarctica. In alliances with various European countries, Russia fought against Napoleon's France.

The French invasion of Russia at the height of Napoleon's power in 1. Russian winter led to a disastrous defeat of invaders, in which more than 9.

European Grande Arm. Alexander I headed Russia's delegation at the Congress of Vienna that defined the map of post- Napoleonic Europe. The officers of the Napoleonic Wars brought ideas of liberalism back to Russia with them and attempted to curtail the tsar's powers during the abortive Decembrist revolt of 1. At the end of the conservative reign of Nicolas I (1. Russia's power and influence in Europe was disrupted by defeat in the Crimean War.

Between 1. 84. 7 and 1. Asiatic cholera. These Great Reforms spurred industrialization and modernized the Russian army, which had successfully liberated Bulgaria from Ottoman rule in the 1. Russo- Turkish War. The late 1. 9th century saw the rise of various socialist movements in Russia. Alexander II was killed in 1. Alexander III (1.

The last Russian Emperor, Nicholas II (1.

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